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Rabu, 05 Desember 2012

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

 
Definition :
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way. Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done.

Sosial function :
To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case.

Generic structure :
·         Thesis : announcement of issue concern.
·         Argument : reasons for concern leading to recommendation.
·          Recommendation : statement of what ought or ought not happen.

Language feature :
o    Focusing on the writer
o    Emotive words such as : worried
o    Using abstractnoun; policy, advantage, etc
o    Using action verb
o    Using thinking verb
o    Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc.
o   Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, trustworthy, etc.
o    Using passive voice
o    Using simple present tense
o    subjective using pronouns : I and we

Example :
Fuel Price Must Be Dropped

Thesis :
          Government should cancel the rise of fuel price done in beginning of October 2005. Most of Indonesian people badly beg it for some basic reasons.

Argument 1 :
           First, for Industry. The rise of fuel price will increase their productioncost because they must pay more for fuel and electricity used in the process of production. Consequently, it will rise the selling price for the product. If the product price is increased, it will be hard for the product to compete with the goods from other countries. The export will decrease rapidly and government will lose the income from exporting goods. 

Argument 2 :
            Second, for workers. The rise of fuel price will force the company where they work to limit the budget to low the number of workers. It means hundreds even thousands of  workers will lose their jobs. The jobless people will increase instability of nations because they will do whatever they can do to get some money, even by doing crime. What a dreadful nightmare!

Argument 3 :
             Thirdly, for ordinary people. They must manage their finance to survive because the rise of fuel price will increase the price of their basic need's price. They have to find   alternative ways to survive, reducing the meals, postponing the buying of unnecessary things or event for the from school. This is the worst.

Recommendation :
           Based on the facts above, considering the negative impact of the rise of fuel price above, government must cancel the rise and try to find other ways to cover the lack of the national budget by not cutting the subsidy of fuel.

WEATHER REPORT, TABLES, AND GRAPHS



A weather report is a prediction of weather, often for a specific locality, in a newspaper, on the radio or television. The weather is predicted through application of the principles of Physics and meteorology.

Example A Weather Report 
Good morning. This is Fandy Christian with local weather report. It will be foggy this morning in almost all parts of town, followed by slight showers. However, the showers will not last for a long time. By early afternoon it will be sunny until late afternoon, followed by heavy rain in the evening into the night. Thank you.

Tables/Graphs
Tables and graphs can be useful tools for helping people make decisions. However, they only provide part of a story. Inferences often have to be made from the data shown. As well as being able to identify clearly what the graph or table is telling us, it is important to identify what parts of the story are missing. This can help the reader decide what other information they need, or whether the argument should be rejected because the supporting evidence is suspect.

TABLES
Table presents facts and fiures in compact form. There are several things that we need to pay attention to. They are, the table title, row or column labels, information given in individual cells and information given within rows and columns.
Examples:

GRAPHS
graphs is a visual, concise means of presenting information. There are three basic kinds graphs: b line graphs,circle or pie graphs and bar graphs.

1.  Line graphs: A line graph is a way of representing two pieces of information, which is usually related and vary with respect to each other. This is useful when comparisons are needed

2. Pie Charts: A pie chart is a type of a circle graph normally used in showcasing a wholesome quantity; we have to show that how this whole quantity is broken into parts. The whole quantity depicts entire sample space and the pieces of pie in the circle graph are called sectors.

3. Bar Charts: This is a type of chart, which contains labeled horizontal or vertical bars showing a piece of information and an axis. The numbers along the side of bar graph compose the axis. This is also called as a histogram; Bar Graph is useful when there is a numerical comparison.

SO, TOO, EITHER, AND NEITHER






1. “So and “too”. The words ‘so; and ‘too’ are used combine two positive statements with identical predicates to form a compound sentence. An auxiliary must be included in the second part of the sentence.

However, there is a difference while using ‘so and ‘too’.

-so + auxiliary verb + subject
-subject + auxiliary verb + too
Subject 1 + to be/verb+ object/complement+and+so+aux+subject 2

Example:
Snow White was beautiful
The Queen was beautiful
(Snow White was beautiful and so was The Queen)

Examples:
  I likes playing guitar. Fandy also likes playing guitar.
- I likes playing guitar and so does Fandy.
- I likes playing guitar and Fandy does too.


2. TOO
Subject 1 + to be/verb+ object/complement+and+subject 2+aux+too

Example:
Snow White was beautiful
The Queen was beautiful
(Snow White was beautiful and The Queen was too)

2. ‘Either and ‘Neither‘. The word ‘either and ‘neither’ are used to combine two negative statements with identical predicates to form a compound sentence. The predicate is not repeated completely in the second part of the compound sentence. An auxiliary must be included in the second part of the sentence.

There is a difference while using ‘either’ and ‘neither’.
-subject + auxiliary verb + not + either
-neither + auxiliary verb + subject


Either
Subject 1 + verb+ object +and+neither+aux+subject 2

Example:
Hima can not sing a song
Shela can not sing a song
(Hima can not sing a song and neither can Shela)


Neither
Subject 1 + verb+ object+and+ subject 2+aux+not+either

Hima can not sing a song
Shela can not sing a song
(Hima can not sing a song and Shela can not either )

Examples:
-Jeremy is not doing his homework now. Aji is also not doing his homework.
-Jeremy is not doing his homework and Aji is not either.
-Jeremy is not doing his homework and neither is Aji.

DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUN


There are two categories of indefinite pronouns. The first category includes pronouns that refer to a nonspecific noun. These pronouns are:
anybody
anyone
anything
everybody
everyone
everything
nobody
none
no one
nothing
somebody
someone
something


Example:
Anything is possible if you believe.

The second category of indefinite pronouns are those that point to a specific noun whose meaning is easily understood only because it was previously mentioned or because the words that follow the indefinite pronoun make it clear. These pronouns are:
All
another
Any
both
Each
either
Few
many
Neither
one
Some
several


Examples:
Many are planning to attend the party. (In this case the identity of the group that is going to the party would have already been mentioned.)
Would you like to try some of these cookies? (The word cookies makes it clear what some is referring to.)
Not to confuse you but keep in mind the pronouns in this group can function as adjectives if nouns directly follow them.

More Examples:
Many classmates are planning to attend the party.
I checked out some books from the library.

Singular and Plural Indefinite Pronouns
As mentioned previously indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural and the verb has to match in number.  

Below is the list of singular indefinite pronouns.
Another
Anybody
Anyone
Anything
Each
Either
Everybody
Everyone
Everything
Neither
Nobody
No one
Nothing
One
Somebody
Something
Someone


Examples:
There are three groups of participants, and each has its own requirements.
Someone special is about to arrive.

The following are plural indefinite pronouns:
Both
Few
Many
Several

Examples:
Few of the projects were good enough to go to the science fair.
Several of the documents were filled with errors.


Some indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural. It all depends on the noun it stands for. These pronouns include all, any, either, none, some, more, most. The rule states that when these pronouns are followed by a prepositional phrase, the pronoun must agree in number with the object of the preposition. The verb in the sentence must agree in number with the antecedent. Sound confusing? Here are two examples:
Most of the work is finished.
Most of the books are out of date.
In this case work requires a singular verb and books requires a plural verb.

Examples of Indefinite Pronouns

  • Would you like to see more examples? Here you go:
  • Does anybody have the time?
  • All are welcome to our house for Thanksgiving.
  • Tim doesn’t have any.
  • Michael passed his card to another.
  • Each brought a dessert to share.
  • Anyone can see what’s going on here.
  • Alice couldn’t hear anything at the concert.
  • Everything is going as planned
  • Everyone clapped when the movie ended.
  • Many missed the bus.
  • No one admitted to knocking over the base.
  • One could see the tornado forming from miles away.
  • Several turned out for the concert.
  • Somebody rang the doorbell.
  • Holly gave her ticket to someone.

EXPRESSING SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION



Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction
                Asking about satisfaction/ dissatisfaction:

o   How do you like your room?

o   Is everything O.K.?

o   Is everything satisfactory?

o   Are you satisfied?

o   Did you find our service satisfactory?

o   Do you want to complain about something?

o   Was something not to your satisfaction?

o   Are you dissastisfied with something?


Expressing satisfaction
• I’m satisfied with ….
• I’m satisfied at ….
• I’m glad with what you’ve done.
• It’s really satisfying.
• Everything was satisfying.

Expressing dissatisfaction
I’m not satisfied with ….
• It isn’t very nice.
• It’s really not good enough.
• I’m dissatisfied by ….
• It’s dissatisfying.
• Oh no.


http://learnenglish-masshasyim.blogspot.com/2009/06/expressing-satisfaction-and.html

PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENTS AND POSTERS




A Public service announcement is an advertisement that a television or radio station airs for a cause or a charity. They can tout the importance of medical check-ups for children or ask you to donate to the Salvation Army’s bell ringers.It is a free “commercial” for a non-profil organization.


Public service announcements are not paid advertising. A broadcaster donates the ad time as part of its commitment to serve the public interest.


The goal of a PSA is simple: to get someone to take a specific action. It’s not to talk about the sponsoring organization. It’s motivate the targeted audience to act, for example, to drop off canned goods for food drive, to stop smoking, and to avoid drug abuse.


Examples PSA :

10 Second PSA: WE COME FROM ALL WALKS OF LIFE, BUT WE TRAVEL DOWN THE SAME ROAD. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS.


15 Second PSA: DID YOU KNOW THAT 75% OF MULTIPLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES WERE THE FAULT OF THE OTHER PERSON? DON’T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC, LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS.


20 Second PSA: APPROXIMATELY 75% OF THE MULTI-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES WERE THE FAULT OF THE OTHER PERSON. MOST OF THOSE DRIVERS SAID THEY DID NOT SEE THE MOTORCYCLE. DON’T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS.


30 Second PSA: DO YOU KNOW SOMEONE WHO RIDES A MOTORCYCLE? CHANCES ARE GOOD THAT YOU SEE MOTORCYCLE RIDERS WHEN YOU ARE BEHIND THE WHEEL. FOR THE REST OF YOU, YOUR CHANCES OF BEING THE PERSON WHO HITS A MOTORCYCLE RIDER JUST WENT UP 300%. THAT’S RIGHT, YOU ARE 3 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO HIT SOMEONE RIDING A MOTORCYCLE JUST BECAUSE YOU DON’T HAVE A RELATIONSHIP WITH SOMEONE WHO RIDES THEM. DON’T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS.

example :
 Public Service Announcement


flu and pneumonia campaign


POSTER
A poster is an informative and decorative way to attract the attention to the information it contains. It is usually displayed in a public place. It is often decorated with designs or illustrations.
Here are some ways to use posters in a literacy program:
-to advertise events or products
-to display information or instructions
-to teach about some kinds of information
Examples poster:
 

TRANSITION : MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE, IN ADDITION, THEREFORE, CONSEQUENTLY, ETC


Definition of transition words

Transitions are words, phrases, sentences or even paragraphs that relate ideas and help guide the reader from one idea to another. In moving from one topic to the next, a writer has to bring the reader along by showing how the ideas are developing. Transition words and phrases help make clear connections between ideas and see that sentences and paragraphs flow together smoothly, making them easier to read.


Purpose of Transition Words
Transition words help a written piece to flow more smoothly. Within these types of words, your writing will become choppy. However, sometimes, when a writer is advised to use a new type of device in his or her writing, that person will tend to start sprinkling it in everywhere. Transition words should really fall very naturally throughout a composition.

Moreover
You can use “moreover” to replace “and in addition.” It normally begins the second independent clause in a sentence, following a semicolon.Moreover is a transition, so you use it to make something follow another.
Here’s an example with correct punctuation:
-The hairdresser had dyed his hair the wrong color; moreover, the hair turned green when she tried to correct the error.

Futhermore
You use furthermore to add more information to what was already said or written.Futhermore is transitions  part of the Academic Word List and almost always used at the beginning of a sentence.
Example:
We believe that the project is possible. Furthermore, we believe that we can do it within a few months.
In addition
In addition, additionally or also, joins two sentences (independent clauses.)  The word introduces additional information.  These words are often called transition words or conjunctive adverbs.  (Also tends to be less formal than in addition or additionally).

Examples:
-Anne and Alex act and sing.  In addition, they dance.
-She must dance gracefully.  In addition, she must dance precisely.

Therefore
Therefore - (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result; it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important!).
Examples:
-those people have their umbrellas up: therefore, it must be raining
-they heard the warning on the radio and therefore took another route

Consequently
“Consequently” is very similar to “so” and “therefore.” Like “therefore” it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important!). It usually appears in the middle of sentence, but it may also be used at the beginning of sentence. If you know what the word “consequence” means, you shouldn’t have any trouble with this.
Examples:
-Hector decided not to use a map; consequently, he got lost and never found his way out of the forest. There he died.